I had been having a similar issue for the last 10 months with my 580. Under-clocking 5% made the issue very rare. I assumed that my old psu was likely to blame but last week i built a new machine keeping the 580. Everything was fine until Windows Update... the problem returned...
What I've noticed over the last 3 days there are 2 options. With a fresh install of Windows 10
1. - Don't install the Radeon Drivers (Let Windows install the drivers for you. They're installing 17.10.1731 quite old but no issues... yet.)
2. - Disable Windows updates
- Install Radeon Drivers manually
Seems like if you manually install the radeon drivers Windows Update will still install the old drivers and this is apparently causing issues.
Another thing I've noticed is that VC++ 2010 Redists cause this as well.
Hope this helps, good luck.