You can have Device Manager update your AMD VGA Driver without having to install the full package features.
You can also allow Windows Update to install the driver but not sure if it also installs the full package or just the driver and its related software like Device Manager.
EDIT: Both run DXDIAG.exe and save the file to your PC. Then open the saved file and go to the last category "Diagnostics" to see which files or programs are having issues with your PC.
Also check Windows Event Viewer under "errors" to see if you spot anything related to Photoshop. It might show the error causing your black screens.
NOTE: Since both have the same issue with Photoshop it might be something incompatible between the AMD VGA Driver and Photoshop itself.
I suggest you open a Adobe Support ticket on Photoshop to see if they are aware of this issue and who is responsible in getting it fixed.